James Crowe Jr., M.D.
Nanotechnology system faster, more sensitive in detecting RSV
David Wright, Ph.D.
A chemist and a physician who specializes in infectious childhood diseases have joined forces to create an early detection method for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the most common cause of hospitalization among children under age 5.
The high-tech method uses multi-colored, microscopic fluorescent beads, called quantum dots, that bind to molecular structures that are unique to the RSV's coat and the cells that it infects. In a paper appearing in the June issue of the journal Nanoletters, the Vanderbilt researchers report that not only can a quantum dot system detect the presence of viral particles in a matter of hours — rather than the two to five days required by current tests — but it is also more sensitive, allowing it to detect the virus earlier in the course of an infection.
RSV sends about 120,000 children to hospitals in the United States each year. Although it is only life-threatening in one case out of every 100, it infects virtually all children by the time they are 5. Few children in this country die from RSV, but it also attacks the elderly, causing some 17,000 to 18,000 deaths annually. Individuals with impaired immune systems are another highly susceptible group. Worldwide, the virus causes about 1 million deaths each year.
“The problem with current detection technologies is that they take too long,” says James E. Crowe Jr., M.D., professor of Pediatrics, who collaborated with David W. Wright, Ph.D., associate professor of Chemistry, in the development. “When a patient with a respiratory illness comes in to the doctor, emergency room or clinic, sometimes their symptoms are caused by bacteria and sometimes they are caused by viruses. There are specific medicines to treat some viral infections and there are definitely antibiotics to treat bacteria. Yet current detection tests take up to five days to tell you if a virus is present and another day or so to tell you which virus it is.”
Crowe lists three potential benefits for such an early detection system. It can:
• Increase the proper use of antiviral medicines: Although such medicines have been developed for some respiratory viruses, they are not used often as therapy because they are only effective if given early in the course of infection. By the time current tests identify the virus it is generally too late for them to work.
• Reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics: Currently, doctors often prescribe antibiotics for respiratory illnesses. However, antibiotics combat respiratory illness caused by bacteria and are ineffective on viral infections. An early virus detection method would reduce the frequency with which doctors prescribe antibiotics for viral infections inappropriately, thereby reducing unnecessary antibiotic side effects and cutting down on the development of antibiotic-resistance in bacteria.
• Allow hospital personnel to isolate RSV patients: RSV is extremely infectious, so early detection would allow hospital personnel to keep the RSV patients separate from other patients who are specially susceptible to infection, such as those undergoing bone marrow transplants.
It is much easier to get approval for a new diagnostic test than a new drug. So the researchers estimate that it will take only two to three years to develop and validate the new test. “All the components are off-the-shelf,” Wright adds, “so anyone can put together one of these detection systems if they want to.”
The system should also be relatively inexpensive. The most costly ingredient is the quantum dots: A small bottle that contains enough of the material for about 200 tests costs $300.
As a result, this could be one of the earliest medical applications of nanotechnology, Wright and Crowe say.
The researchers' next step will be to develop a quantum dot cocktail capable of simultaneously detecting the presence of at least five major respiratory viruses: influenza A and B, parainfluenza and metapneumovirus, in addition to RSV.
Quantum dots are available in a dozen different colors and antibodies specific to the other four respiratory viruses which have been identified and can be used as linker molecules. Such a test would be able to diagnose more than 90 percent of all the cases of viral respiratory infection, he says.
The existence of such a test could encourage the development of improved therapies for respiratory viruses, Crowe says.
Currently, there are three diagnostic tests available for identifying respiratory viruses like RSV. The “gold standard” involves incubating an infected sample in a tissue culture for five days and then using a fluorescent dye to test for the presence of the virus. The main problem with this technique is that the virus is multiplying in the patient at the same time as it is growing in the culture.
This has caused many hospitals to switch to a technique called real time PCR, which is extremely sensitive but still takes 36 to 48 hours because of the need for a highly trained molecular biologist to conduct the test in a reference laboratory. There is also a third method, called the antigen test, which only takes 30 minutes. However, it is not sensitive enough to detect the presence of the virus at the early stages of an infection.
By comparison, the new quantum dot method takes one to two hours and is even more sensitive than RT-PCR. “It can detect the presence of RSV within an hour after the virus is added to a culture,” says Wright.
“There is a tremendous amount of hype about nanotechnology,” says Crowe, “but this is a real-world, practical application that's here now.”