Individuals with Type 1 diabetes have a smaller pancreas than people without diabetes. This is surprising because the pancreatic islets and their insulin-producing beta cells account for just a small fraction of the pancreas, so the loss of beta cells in Type 1 diabetes would not be expected to reduce pancreas size.
Now, a study of one family from Alabama has led Vanderbilt University Medical Center researchers to discover that insulin deficiency, independent of the autoimmunity associated with Type 1 diabetes, is the principal factor leading to a markedly smaller pancreas.
Four members of this family of eight have monogenic diabetes from a rare mutation in the insulin gene, leading to insulin deficiency without autoimmunity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pancreas showed a reduced size and altered shape in the individuals with diabetes. This reduction in size was similar to what had previously been observed in individuals with Type 1 diabetes. These new findings are published in Diabetes Care, a journal of the American Diabetes Association.
While persons with Type 1 diabetes typically have multiple genes that are known to contribute to the development of the autoimmune disorder, individuals with a single mutation that only impacts the insulin gene provided the investigators a unique opportunity to examine the impact of that single factor on pancreas size.
“This is a wonderful story about the power of a single family to inform us about the process of a disease that affects millions of people,” said Daniel Moore, MD, PhD, associate professor of Pediatrics in the Ian Burr Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes. “There are not many families, especially not large families, who are known to have exactly this form of diabetes, who could come forward to help us answer this question. But they responded to the call, and they’ve provided a really clear answer to a very fundamental biologic question.”
About two decades ago, David Pursell and his wife, Ellen, agreed that he and three of their six children who were diagnosed with diabetes would participate in research with the hope more could be learned about the disease. It was as simple as giving a little blood.
They were surprised years later when a researcher from the University of Chicago’s Kovler Diabetes Center called to tell them that advances in science had revealed that the four actually had monogenic diabetes due to a mutation in the insulin gene instead of Type 1 diabetes.
Their care remained the same — daily monitoring of their blood glucose and multiple doses of insulin each day.
Several more years went by before science came knocking again. Last year, the Pursells were contacted by a team of VUMC researchers who were collaborating with Siri Greeley, MD, PhD, and colleagues at the Kovler Diabetes Center’s Monogenic Diabetes Registry at the University of Chicago. The Vanderbilt research team asked if the family could travel to Nashville to have precise measurements of their pancreas taken at the Medical Center.
The VUMC research team, which includes Moore, Jordan Wright, MD, PhD, Jon Williams, PhD, Melissa Hilmes, MD, and Alvin C. Powers, MD, along with colleague Jack Virostko, PhD, at The University of Texas at Austin, had previously found the reduction in pancreas size was present at the time of Type 1 diabetes diagnosis. The Vanderbilt investigators had also organized an international team, the Multicenter Assessment of the Pancreas in Type 1 Diabetes, to develop a standardized MRI imaging protocol to assess pancreas volume and microarchitecture.
“We know the pancreas is much smaller in individuals with Type 1 diabetes, but there haven’t been good models to understand exactly what’s going on,” said Jordan Wright, MD, PhD, an instructor in the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and first author on the manuscript.
“One hypothesis is that the autoimmune process of Type 1 diabetes also affects the exocrine part of the pancreas. This is the first time we can actually demonstrate in humans that insulin is a major factor in determining pancreas size and the loss of it leads to a much smaller pancreas.”
David and Ellen and their now adult children, Peggy Rice, Vaughan Spanjer, Chrissy Adolf, Ramsey Nuss, and twin sons Parker and Martin Pursell, each had their pancreas size measured using the standardized Vanderbilt MRI protocol. David, Chrissy, Parker and Martin have monogenic diabetes; the rest of the family does not.
“When we talked to some of the doctors at Kovler in Chicago, they asked if we’d be interested in participating in some trials or research and we said, ‘Of course, anything we can do,’” said David Pursell. “Part of it, I’ll admit, was selfish. When we learned our diabetes was not caused by an immune response due to our islet cells being attacked by antibodies, then we thought maybe we’ve got the chance of getting an islet cell transplant.
“But also, we’re obviously all in this together. If, by virtue of our family volunteering for this research we can help anyone else, we felt like it would be worth it.”
The Vanderbilt investigators, as part of MAP-T1D, are building on this study by measuring pancreas size in individuals at known risk of developing diabetes and correlating those measurements with the imminence of a diabetes diagnosis. They also are examining whether reduced pancreas size correlates with other issues such as the need for pancreatic enzymes to support digestion.
This research was performed with assistance from the Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences (National Institutes of Health [NIH] project 1S10OD021771-01), the Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (UL1-TR000445) and the Institute for Translational Medicine (UL1-TR000430) and with the support of the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, the NIH (DK104942, DK129979) and the Vanderbilt and Chicago Diabetes Research and Training Centers (DK20593, DK20595).
